謝孟媛初級文法Unit4 代名詞 - Retire Note

謝孟媛初級文法Unit4 代名詞

  

1. 人稱代名詞

• 名詞的人稱和格

• 主格，所有格，受格的用法

  • 主格 + 動詞
  • (例) He likes sports.
  • 所有格 + 名詞
  • (例) His friends are over there.
  • 一般動詞 + 受格 / 介系詞 + 受格
  • (例) The girl loves him very much.
  • (例) A：who is it? B：It's I. / It's me.

• it 的用法

  it 可表示天侯、時間、 距離...等。

  (例1) It rains a lot in the spring.
  (例2) It was two o’clock when he came back. (A beV B => A = B)
  (例3) It is five kms from here to the airport.
  it 可以表示某一狀況，多半是說話的人和聽的人都能了解的特定狀況。
  (例1) A：Who knocked at the door?

  ​ B：I thought it was Jack.
  (例2) It’s all up to you.
  (例3) I like it here. (不可以說I like here. 因為here是時間副詞，不能當受格)
  (例4) I don’t feel like it. (like 在這裡是介系詞，後面加受詞，片語feel like是想要的意思)

  It 可當假主詞 => 代替一件事

  (例1) It is difficult to learn Spanish.
  (例2) It’s important that you should tell the truth. (that 是連接詞)

  (例3) It’s no use telling him about it.

• We、 you、they 的特殊用法

  (例1) We had a heavy rain yesterday.
  (例2) You don’t see many Chinese there.
  (例3) They speak English in Canada.

2. 所有代名詞

所有代名詞的形成

• 所有格/所有代名詞

  	所有格 所有代名詞	所有格 所有代名詞
  第一人稱	my mine(我的)	our ours
  第二人稱	your yours	your yours
  第三人稱	his his her hers its its	their theirs

• 所有代名詞的用法

  所有代名詞＝所有格＋名詞 =>代替重複的名詞
  (例1) Your house is bigger than mine. (mine = my house)
  (例2) My bicycles are here and his are there. (his = his bicycles)

• 伴隨雙重所有格

  冠詞、所有格、指示形容詞(this, that)、不定形容詞(many) => 必須單獨放在名詞前，不可以同時放在名詞前。
  (例1) I met one of my old friends on the way home.
  (例2) I mat an old friends of mine (=my friends) on the way home.

• 名詞的所有代名詞=所有格

  (例1) My dog is black, and Jason’s is white. (Jason’s = Jason’s dog)

  My dog is black, and Jason’s cat is white.

  對象不一樣時(狗跟貓)要寫出來。

3. 反身代名詞

• 反身代名詞的形成

  第一二人稱 => 所有格 + self/selves
  第三人稱 => 受格 + self/selves

  第一人稱	myself(我自己)	ourselves(我們自己)
  第二人稱	yourself(你自己)	yourselves(你們自己)
  第三人稱	himself herself itself	themselves

• 反身代名詞的用法

  主詞、受詞對象相同，反身代名詞不能當主詞。
  (例1) You always talk to yourself.(你自己)
  (例2) The little girl hurt herself.(受傷)
  (例3) He can do it by himself.(靠他自己)
  (強調句)He himself can do it.
  (例4) I saw the singer himself. (指歌手本人)

  ​ I saw the singer herself.

4. 指示代名詞=>指示人或事物的代名詞

This (these) / that (those)

一般用法

用於人或事物，離說話者距離近用this(these)，距離遠者用that(those)

(例1) This is my mask, and that is Mary’s.
(例2) Who is this? (你是誰?)->(電話用語)

Who was that on the telephone?(電話上那人是誰?)
(例3) Things are easier these days.

代替用法

代替已經敘述過的字，代替單數名詞用that；代替複數名詞用those。但this(these)無法用此法。

N+修飾語 (如：in Taipei、in Kaohsiung)
(例1) The weather in Taipei is cooler than that (=the weather) in Kaohsiung.
(例2) Her interests are different from those (=the interests) of her childhood.

so=>作為動詞的受詞或補語，指前面出現過的字或句子。

(例1) A：Will it be fine tomorrow?

​ B：I hope so. (=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)
(例2) Do you still feel sick? If so(=feel sick), you must see the doctor.
(例3) Nancy can play the violin, and so can I (=I can too).
(例4) She is smart. So she is. (她的確如此)
​ She is smart. So is he. (他也是)

such=>有”那樣的事物(人)”之意，可以當代名詞、形容詞也可用於單複數。

(例1) They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers.

*plant flowers / grow rice
(例2) I don’t know such a man.

*such (a/an) (+形容詞) + 名詞
(例3) Have you tasted any such food before? (Have +過去分詞tasted，表示經驗)

*such 前可接 all, other, any, another, few, every, no…等.

same=>一般都加the，表示”相同的事物”之意。

(例1) A: Can I haver a cup of coffee, please?
B: Give me the same, please.

*the same限定與前者相同
(例2) He uses the same typewriter as I (do).

*as是連接詞, do代表前面的動作

補充單字：server 服務生

5. 不定代名詞

• (1) 不特定的人或物
• (2) 非一定數量的代名詞
  (例1) Some of the boys like English. => some 是代名詞
  (例2) Some boys like English. => some 是形容詞

第7課 講義P56

One / Ones

• one = a/an + 單數名詞 => 用來指不特定的人或物

  ones => 指不特定的人或物是複數。
  (例1) I have lost my watch and I have to buy one.(a watch)
  (例2) I like small cars better than large ones. (ones代替前面出現過的名詞cars)

  *better than 勝過

• one = a/an + 單數名詞，it = the + 單數名詞

  (例1) Here are some apples. Take one.

  (=> 不限制你拿哪一個蘋果)
  Here are some apples. Take it.

  (=> 有限制你拿哪一個蘋果)
  (例2) I bought a good camera. I’ll lend it to you.

  (=> 有限定是我買的那一台相機)

both / all

• both (兩者都) => 用於兩個人或兩個事物

• all (全部；所有的) => 指數量為3或3以上的人或事物，也可以代表不可數名詞.

• 位置: be或助動詞之後 / 一般動詞之前 / 定冠詞(the)、所有格、數詞、形容詞之前.

• (例1) Both of her children went to New York.

  (=> 有兩個小孩都去了紐約)
  Two of her children went to New York.

  (=>有超過兩個孩子，其中的兩個小孩去了紐約)
  (例2) I’ve read both (of) these two papers.
  (例3) All (of) my money was stolen. (被偷)

  (=> money為總稱不可數，視為單數)
  (例4) You may take all these toys (=>them all).

  補充：

  被動式的基本形式：be 動詞 + P.P.（動詞過去分詞）

  現在式：am / is / are + P.P.

  The house is cleaned every day.

  過去式：was / were + P.P.

  The house was cleaned yesterday.

  英文簡單學 – 被動式 (中)｜EF ENGLISH LIVE部落格

*both, all 出現於否定句，表示”部分否定”.。意思是並非~

(例1) I do not know both of her parents.(並非兩個都認識=>只認識一個)
=I know just one of her parents.
(例2) Not all of them come from England.(並非全部~)
=Just some of them come from England.

*both not =>並非兩者都

Either / neither

• either: 指”兩者中不論哪一個都可以，但只選其中一個。

• neither: 為both的否定，表”兩者都不~”，指全部否定。本身為否定字不可和not同時出現。
  (例1) Do you know either of the visitors?

  (你認識這兩位訪客中的任何一位嗎?)
  (例2) I don’t like both hats. (=> 部分否定， 只喜歡其中一頂帽子)
  I like neither of the hats. (=> 全部否定， 兩者都不喜歡)

• either / neither 也有副詞用法。 (”也不” )

  • (1) either句尾

  • (2) neither + 倒裝句

  (例) Bill didn’t come to my party, and Ken didn’t either.

  ​ Bill didn’t come to my party, and neither did ken.

  *也： (1) too (句尾) I'm a teacher, and she is too.

  ​ (2) so + 倒裝句 I'm a teacher, and so is she.

some / any

• 一般而言some 用於肯定句；any 用於否定句、疑問及條件句. 可代替可數和不可數。

  (例1) Some of the boys were late.

  (例2) Some of my money was stolen from my purse.
  (例3) Please lend me some money if you have any(money). (=> 條件句)
  (例4) Do you have any magazine to read? (=> 疑問句)

• some 可用於”請求；邀請”的問句，而不用any

  (例1) Will you give me some help? (=>請求)
  (例2) How about some tea? (=>邀請)

other / another

• other: 表”其他(人；事物)”之意, 複數為others(代名詞)。

• another: 從an + other衍伸而來，表示不特定的”另一個別的人、事物”，無複數形。
  (例1) I have two students. One is short; the other is tall.

  *other(形容詞)，the other(代名詞)

  (例2) I have three flowers.
  One is red; the others are yellow. => 一朵紅的，其他黃的
  One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. => 三朵都不同顏色 one -> another -> the other
  (例3) I don’t like this one; show me another / the other. => another表示總數為3個或以上， the other表示總數只有2個
  (例4) Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? = > 有限定又是複數
  (例5) Some people said yes and others said no. => 沒有限定

列舉比較

• 其他：None (無)， several (數個)，most (大部分)

• (例1) None of the telephones is / are working.
  (例2) Several of my friends attended the meeting.
  (例3) Most of it is true.
  (例4) Most of the people know it.

• most 可當形容詞，為many、much的最高級，前面可加 the。
  (例1) Who got the most New York’s cards?
  (例2) She is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever seen.